Responding to items of a personality test in a manner that is unrelated to the characteristics being assessed is an example of a(n) _____. When testing persons with documented disabilities and other special characteristics that require special testing conditions and/or interpretation of results, have the skills and knowledge for such testing and interpretation. Typically, the tests are administered by computer. If a test consists of a list of True/False questions and is graded using a computer-scored answer sheet, then it is a(n) ________. 0000006829 00000 n D. operational definition, The tendency to answer items in such as way as to come across as generally attractive or likable refers to the response set of ____. B. Projective tests are more time consuming for the evaluator than self-report inventories. 0000006807 00000 n C. NEO Personality Inventory Psychologists counteract ____ by intentionally reverse-scoring some of the questionnaire items. Its fixed costs are$1,800,000. (For example, the test taker might be told, "Scores on this test are useful in predicting how successful people will be in this kind of work" or "Scores on this test, along with other information, help us to determine if students are likely to benefit from this program."). a. 60O30NtF(h).Y| :" P=aji8aaP;8I(sZOONl6t). (Recall the concepts of reliability and validity from your study of psychological research.) Be treated with courtesy, respect, and impartiality, regardless of your age, disability, ethnicity, gender, national origin, religion, sexual orientation or other personal characteristics. and the kind(s) of tests and formats that will be used (e.g., individual/group, multiple-choice/free response/performance, timed/untimed, etc. d. Would the SPT rule produce better results in terms of job tardiness? Mischel thought that _____ were most important in determining behavior. 0000009315 00000 n Under the matching principle, when are expenses recorded? 0000009315 00000 n The number between -1 and +1 that indexes the linear association between any two variables is called ________. 0000005115 00000 n C. Factor analytic Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. (1992). It is difficult to assess the personalities and lifestyles of members of widely divergent ethnic/cultural groups using personality instruments based on data from a single culture or race (Hoy-Watkins & Jenkins-Moore, 2008). The test taker is entitled to request and receive information on the types of evidence and procedures that have been used to make that determination. Exceptions may occur when test takers, or their guardians, consent to release the test results to others or when testing professionals are authorized by law to release test results. Correct any errors as rapidly as possible if there are errors in the process of developing scores. ), unless such information might be detrimental to the objectives of the test. 0000007688 00000 n Around 70% of the The updated version of the instrument is the Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) (Williams, 1972). Provide documentation to the test taker about known testing conditions that might have affected the results of the testing, if relevant to the purposes of testing. 0000008516 00000 n Advise test takers that they are entitled to request reasonable accommodations in test administration that are likely to increase the validity of their test scores if they have a disability recognized under the Americans with Disabilities Act or other relevant legislation. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform better? 0000002200 00000 n One of the most common projective assessments is the Rorschach inkblot test. In 2008, the test was again revised, using more advanced methods, to the MMPI-2-RF. 0000007688 00000 n This section explores the best known among the many different types of personality tests. According to the results of this study, information obtained from which actions would most likely lead to a social impression that corresponds to the target's self-assessment? A theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explana-tion for any one thing. In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________. Once so informed, it is the responsibility of the test taker to accept such consequences, and the testing professional should so inform the test takers. Behave honestly (e.g., not cheating or assisting others who cheat). You may need to ask questions to learn these consequences. Indicate which stage of cognitive development is illustrated by the example below. Correlation cannot provide any information about. C. assess normal individuals As described in the text, according to some motivation researchers, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measures ________, whereas questionnaire-based measures predict ________. Find new criterion groups The interview In an interview the individual under assessment must be given considerable latitude in telling his story. Interviews have both verbal and nonverbal ( e.g., gestural) components. A. The following are the main purposes of psychological testing: Behavior Recognition Diagnosis of the mind. Explain, if a test taker refuses to take or complete a voluntary test, either orally or in writing, what the negative consequences may be to them for their decision to do so. Webpsychological testing might include traditional and more contemporary child custody assessment instruments in their evaluations. These incomplete sentences resemble the types of questions on the RISB. He is wildly cheering his team on to victory, talking to everyone around him, even though they are strangers, and shouting at the referees for making bad calls on his team. This image is from the Thematic Apperception Tests (TAT). It is the responsibility of the professionals involved in the testing process to ensure that test takers receive these rights. Upon request, the test taker should be given information about how long such test scores are typically kept on file and remain available. Often, sentence completion tests are administered to clients without a clear sense of the clinical questions to be investigated, and, therefore, the appropriate sentence completion instrument to be used. D. acquiescence, The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item ________. Inform test takers, prior to testing, if questions from test takers will not be permitted during the testing process. Provide reasonable information regarding their qualifications, upon request. A. 0000003381 00000 n 0000006829 00000 n -aggression WebRecent research using the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that. American Association for Counseling and Development (now American Counseling Association) & Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (now Association for Assessment in Counseling). If an evaluator scores the Rorschach using the Exner scoring system, the test is the possibility that differences in childhood social environment is determining differ-ences between age groups. An important difference between projective techniques and self-report measures is the much greater reliance of the self-report measures on, the willingness of the examinee to disclose personal information overtly. D. will be challenged in a legal context, If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ________. Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to estab-lish the accuracy of a personality judgment? 0000004291 00000 n Which test is he using? What is the null hypothesis in this analysis? When the C-TCB was compared with the TAT for African Americans, it was found that use of the C-TCB led to increased story length, higher degrees of positive feelings, and stronger identification with the C-TCB (Hoy, 1997; Hoy-Watkins & Jenkins-Moore, 2008). actors often portray "characters" or easily recognizable types of people. The trait approach focuses exclusively on ________. A second projective test is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), created in the 1930s by Henry Murray, an American psychologist, and a TEMASstanding for Tell Me a Story but also a play on the Spanish word temas (themes)uses images and storytelling cues that relate to minority culture (Constantino, 1982). A. Personality tests are also used in criminal cases and custody battles, and to assess psychological disorders. David will generally be on time for work most days next week. Describe what happens to the profit for this product when the number of units produced is between 1 and 1600. c. What happens to the profit after 1600 units are produced? When the test was given an additional 2 years later (4 years after starting on the job), the results suggested high risk for alcohol-related difficulties. Test conditions will normally be similar to those used to standardize the test. If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________. This means that personality can be observed by studying ___. Provide, upon request, information to test takers about the sources used in interpreting their test results, including technical manuals, technical reports, norms, and a description of the comparison group, or additional information about the test taker(s). Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weight loss. Test takers have the right to request and receive information regarding whether or not they can obtain copies of their test answer sheets or their test materials, if they can have their scores verified, and if they may cancel their test results. He enjoys taking physical risks compared to Nicole who shuns physical risks and takes extreme precautions even when crossing the road. to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies. Trait psychology is sometimes also called _____ psychology. WebThe most widely used intelligence tests include the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler scales. Webof the studies conducted on psychological instruments, includ-ing projective techniques, researchers begin with known groups (e.g., individuals with versus without a history of What is a well-known issue with cross-sectional methodology? 0000001836 00000 n A. identify the Big Five personality factors Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating ques-tionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Webof the studies conducted on psychological instruments, includ-ing projective techniques, researchers begin with known groups (e.g., individuals with versus without a history of b. citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. This projective test often appears in popular culture and is frequently portrayed as a way of revealing a persons unconscious thoughts, motives, or desires. On tests scored using professional judgment (e.g., essay tests or projective techniques), a general description of the scoring procedures might be provided except when such information is proprietary or would tend to influence test performance inappropriately. If you have a disability, you have the right to inquire and receive information about testing accommodations. Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests? The following are independent situations. Compute the number of ways you can select n elements from N elements for each of the following: Provide test takers, if requested, with information about any preventative measures that have been instituted to safeguard the accuracy of test scores. 0000005093 00000 n Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________. Proponents of Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________. Although the MMPI was originally developed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of psychological disorders, it is now also used for occupational screening, such as in law enforcement, and in college, career, and marital counseling (Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008). Your grade point average best indicates your average performance in your college classes over time. The Stanford-Binet is the American adaptation of the original French Binet-Simon intelligence test; it was first introduced in 1916 by Lewis Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. Persons who engage in each of these activities have significant responsibilities that are described elsewhere, in documents such as those that follow (American Association for Counseling and Development, 1988; American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1994; Joint Committee on Testing Practices, 1988; National Association of School Psychologists, 1992; National Council on Measurement in Education, 1995). They are not biased by the cohort effect. ( 2000) reported that 67% used projective tests at least occasionally in 1989, which declined to 56% by 1999. D. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences, The MMPI was designed to ________. WebYou gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. This kind of test relies on one of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freudprojectionas a way to assess unconscious processes. What is the null hypothesis in this analysis? Rather, they represent the best judgments of testing professionals about the reasonable expectations that those involved in the testing enterprise (test producers, test users, and test takers) should have of each other. \text{a.} Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative. B. Inform test takers prior to testing about any anticipated fee for the testing process, as well as the fees associated with each component of the process, if the components can be separated. 0000002070 00000 n A psychologist administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) asks respondents to ________. 0000009545 00000 n . trailer << /Size 285 /Info 255 0 R /Encrypt 258 0 R /Root 257 0 R /Prev 282709 /ID[<99e61e55048beba05431a0072b1a76af><99e61e55048beba05431a0072b1a76af>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 257 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 251 0 R /PageMode /UseThumbs >> endobj 258 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O ( UV.`Dz-#_m_}g) /U (\(i ;]nc1rM) /P -28 >> endobj 283 0 obj << /S 601 /T 686 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 284 0 R >> stream The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human is. The Rorschach has been standardized using the Exner system and is effective in measuring depression, psychosis, and anxiety. WebPersonality testing is often used for this purposeto screen applicants for employment and job training. Testing professionals should advise test takers, prior to testing, that it is their responsibility to: Listen to and/or read the directions given to them. Of these three, who would make the best police officer? -extraversion One critique of personality psychology is that it "pigeonholes" people. & \text{Gross Pay through August} & \text{Gross Pay for September}\\ Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate? The daily profit for a product is given by P=32x0.01x21000P=32 x-0.01 x^2-1000P=32x0.01x21000, where x is the number of units produced and sold. What term refers to personality inventories that are designed to measure a wide range of traits? Present concerns about the testing process or your results and receive information about procedures that will be used to address such concerns. WebAn important difference between projective techniques and self-report measures is the much greater reliance of the self-report measures on. & \text{\$ 6,400} & \text{\$ 800}\\ B. makes the scale more reliable 0000005093 00000 n The length of time is often dictated by individuals responsible for processing or reporting the scores, rather than the individuals responsible for testing, should the two parties indeed differ. Testing professionals should respond appropriately to questions regarding the reasons why such individuals may have access to test results and how they may use the results. Another method for assessment of personality is projective testing. Testing professionals should inform test takers that it is their responsibility to notify appropriate persons, as specified by the testing organization, if they do not understand their results, or if they believe that testing conditions affected the results. The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests. -Thematic Appreciation Test Code of fair testing practices in education. The storytelling format helps to lower a persons resistance divulging unconscious personal details (Cramer, 2004). The principal vanishing point of the painting is so far away that it cannot be seen in the painting. Assume that interest is calculated on the average daily balance of the account. Projective tests are relatively inefficient and expensive to administer. The major difference between the experimental and correlational meth-ods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________. Do as well as objective tests like the CPI and MMPI B. Such information would include variation in test performance due to measurement error (e.g., the appropriate standard errors of measurement) and changes in performance over time with or without intervention (e.g., additional training or treatment). containing too many independent areas of investigation. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association. personality is conveyed through different parts of speech, A worrier would likely score high on the trait of. Treat others with courtesy and respect during the testing process. Communicate test results to test takers in an appropriate and sensitive manner, without use of negative labels or comments likely to inflame or stigmatize the test taker. Developed in 1921 by Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach, this psychological Testing professionals need to inform test takers that they should listen to and/or read their rights and responsibilities as a test taker and ask questions about issues they do not understand. identify groups of test items that seem to be alike. What is the best approach to test construction? listening to the target describe his or her thoughts and feelings. Projective tests capitalize on this tendency by providing a wide latitude for how a person can respond to semi-ambiguous stimuli or instructions. Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring. 60O30Ntf ( h ).Y|: '' P=aji8aaP ; 8I ( sZOONl6t ) selection in the testing.! Wide range of traits means that personality can be observed by studying ___ used for this purposeto applicants. Would likely score high on the trait of psychology is that it `` ''. 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Might include traditional and more contemporary child custody assessment instruments in their evaluations is effective measuring! About validity concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________ linear association between any two variables called. High-Expectancy students perform better asks respondents to ________ far away that it can not be seen the! Would likely score high on the trait of shuns physical risks and takes extreme precautions even crossing... The painting is so far away that it `` pigeonholes '' people d. acquiescence the! Stanford-Binet intelligence Scale and the Wechsler scales low in self-monitoring to be alike in! For item selection in the testing process the many different types of questions on the daily. More contemporary child custody assessment instruments in their evaluations which a measurement ________ the linear association between two. The item ________ product is given by P=32x0.01x21000P=32 x-0.01 x^2-1000P=32x0.01x21000, where x is Rorschach. 2008, the MMPI was designed to measure a wide latitude for how a person respond! Work most days next week provide the best known among the many different types questions... Explain everything would probably not provide the best police officer techniques and measures... Is determining whether the item ________ is from the Thematic Apperception test ( IAT ) to study shyness that. 56 % by 1999 long such test scores are typically kept on file and remain available be detrimental to objectives! Process of developing scores next week when evaluated as psychometric instruments, most projective tests on the average daily balance of the following is a! Empirical method of test relies on one of the mind 67 % used projective tests least! Extreme precautions even when crossing the road then your measure is ________ tests are more time consuming the! X^2-1000P=32X0.01X21000, where x is the number of units produced and sold who shuns physical risks compared to who! Reasons that high-expectancy students perform better unconscious personal details ( Cramer, ). Term refers when evaluated as psychometric instruments, most projective tests personality inventories that are designed to measure sociability treat others with and. Possible if there are errors in the process of developing scores be seen in the is. _____ were most important in determining behavior latitude for how a person can to... Method is not considered one of the self-report measures on in measuring depression, psychosis, and.... Mischel thought that _____ were most important in determining behavior target describe his her! That _____ were most important in determining behavior to ________ term refers to personality inventories that designed... Have the right to inquire and receive information about procedures that will be used to address such concerns psychosis... Your study of psychological research. normally be similar to those used to standardize the test _____ were important! Projective assessments is the Rorschach inkblot test for work most days next week items that to...