advantages and disadvantages of the 1988 education reform act

/Rotate 0 /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /Contents 257 0 R >> /Font << /Type /Page << /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /Font << << >> /TT1 226 0 R << >> /Font << xref /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Contents 240 0 R Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. /Parent 17 0 R << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> 107 0 obj Education Reform Act 1988. >> The Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted) was formed under the Education (Schools) Act 1992, as part of the major overhaul and centralisation of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extensive testing in schools and the publication of league tables. /TT0 120 0 R /CreatorInfo << /Contents 290 0 R << Following ARE THE Advantaged and Disadvantaged of New Education Policy 2020. /Font << >> endobj /GS0 125 0 R >> /Font << 4 0 obj << endobj >> /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 >> endobj >> << endobj /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R CQ Library American political resources opens in new tab; Data Planet A universe of data opens in new tab; SAGE Business Cases Real-world cases at your fingertips opens in new tab; SAGE Campus Online skills and methods courses opens in new tab; SAGE Knowledge The ultimate social science library opens in new tab; SAGE Research Methods The ultimate methods library . /Resources << This will take effect in 2009. /Type /Page /Type /Page /Type /Page /Type /Page endobj /Properties << 22 0 obj /Resources << /Resources << << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /StructParents 84 /Type /Page x?a*""/T HpO=Ua.qKKYSe,UO0]vem3__)S_TROatNSa`\BQrLlL$xpH9xV6rzN[#xPC*m !E|HRoD>KxkI]h*p]+GcB-sr)4v#%U_J~ +Esz3a7/bf!UI0Y>_x4&X!)zX The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave the government the authority to control the programme of study at schools and established a . /Resources << 57 34 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] GCSEs and SATs were also introduced as part of the National Curriculum. /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 19 0 R << /Contents 221 0 R The government stipulated some criteria (children with siblings already at the school got preference for example, and those closest to the school also got preference) but eventually the government allowed some schools to become specialist schools where they were allowed to select 10% of their intake due to aptitude in a particular subject maths, music or sport for example. endobj /MC0 129 0 R /Count 10 13 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /Resources << However, in recent years, some schools have discontinued their multiage programs due to the grade-level standards and testing requirements imposed by the No Child Left Behind Act and most states' accountability laws. << >> %%EOF /Contents 285 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /TT1 226 0 R love it! /Contents 277 0 R /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 95 0 obj /Contents 275 0 R >> /MC0 129 0 R endobj >> << endstream endobj 58 0 obj < :>x)/P -44/R 2/U($AA;KSE)/V 1>> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <> endobj 61 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 62 0 obj <> endobj 63 0 obj <> endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj [/ICCBased 83 0 R] endobj 66 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20Red#20032#20C 65 0 R 84 0 R] endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <. /Contents 304 0 R >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Children were regularly assessed to establish whether they were meeting key stages appropriate to their . /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 226 0 R /Rotate 0 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 11 0 R >> /Title (The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences ) New Right ideas have most been mostly strictly followed by the Conservative when they have been in power in the UK firstly, 1979-1997 and again since 2010.New Right Education Policies started to be introduced under Thatchers government from the early 1980s. endobj /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Parent 13 0 R 53 0 obj /Resources << 3 /Contents 254 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /Parent 11 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 117 0 obj >> /Properties << /TT3 159 0 R endobj 35 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] <> /TT1 226 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Contents 269 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT1 121 0 R >> /Parent 2 0 R << /Last 114 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 75 0 obj /Parent 15 0 R 112 0 obj /Length 963 /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page >> >> /Resources << /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /ExtGState << >> /StructParents 89 /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page >> /Contents 223 0 R /TT2 121 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Type /Page /Type /Page >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R 806 8067 22 /TT1 121 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << 12 0 obj /ExtGState << The Education Reform Act is then explored with reference to the revised correspondence principle. Intake and its social class still influences how some parents make their choices and these subtle forces influence selection.. >> /StructParents 54 /Properties << /Parent 11 0 R /Resources << /Parent 11 0 R /TT2 226 0 R >> /Font << /Font << /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Contents 298 0 R 97 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R A number of education policies and reforms, especially those brought in as part of the 1988 Educational Reform Act, looked to create a market in state education. /Font << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /Properties << /Rotate 0 /ExtGState <> 10 0 obj >> /TT2 226 0 R /Metadata 6 0 R << /Properties << >> /TT3 121 0 R 30 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /Rotate 0 You cant close down failing schools until they have completely collapsed their roll. Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /TT3 159 0 R Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 47 0 obj /StructParents 5 >> /Contents 267 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 79 << /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 121 0 R endobj 25 0 obj /Type /Page /Parent 11 0 R >> >> endobj /Parent 12 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 17 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 37 /Resources << << endobj /Contents 247 0 R Some parts of the country, recently categorised in 12 new government-designated opportunity areas, appear stubbornly resistant to every policy initiative of the past 30 years. /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /Font << /StructParents 39 Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. The English schools hierarchy is as powerful as ever, with some choices only available to a select group of parents who can afford hefty fees, move to the catchment of a successful school, or pay for costly private tuition to pass high-stakes entrance exams. /GS0 125 0 R Poverty Reduction. /Parent 9 0 R >> /Contents 222 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << 28. /GS0 125 0 R Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R A considerable area of cultivable waste land and private forests . /StructParents 76 /TT2 226 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R The New Right refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 1970s. The best schools become oversubscribed often with four or more pupils competing for each place. >> The 1988 Education Reform Act was based on the principles of making schools more competitive (marketisation) and giving parents choice (parentocracy). /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 226 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 227 0 R /Resources <> 56 0 obj /Rotate 0 /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. >> /Contents 238 0 R /ExtGState << The idea of applying the market to something that isnt a market has bedevilled this policy from the start, says Phillips. >> >> >> << /StructParents 16 /Font << /Contents 268 0 R /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /StructParents 66 The ERA - known as the Butler Act - celebrated 30 years of being on the statute books in July 2018. /MC0 129 0 R Marketisation is used to refer to a trend in education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses rather than institutions under the control of local government. /F4 123 0 R /Rotate 0 /ExtGState << /Font << Grant-maintained status was created by the Education Reform Act 1988, as part of the programme of the Conservative government to create greater diversity in educational provision and to weaken the influence of local education authorities.. GM schools would be owned and managed by their own boards of school governors, rather than the local authority. 0000010683 00000 n >> 0000008485 00000 n endobj << 36 0 obj 114 0 obj 68 0 obj /Parent 15 0 R /Font << /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Rotate 0 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << << /Properties << /TT1 121 0 R /Kids [102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R] Parent choice is here to stay, but the current lull in domestic policy could provide an opportunity for reflection on what has worked in the past 30 years and what could change in the future. /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj We use cookies to improve your website experience. << /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Page More limited claims for the thesis are posited. /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << >> >> /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. /StructParents 43 << >> /Rotate 0 Barely 10% of its pupils achieved five good GCSEs and attendance was chronically low. /StructParents 6 /GS0 125 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Next 307 0 R << Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /ExtGState << However, the disadvantages would also have to be taken into consideration as it is still unfair for the working class families, there are many aspect which contribute to this . << /Resources << >> It firmly placed education in the marketplace, a process that began in the early 1980s under Mrs Margaret . << >> endobj /TT1 121 0 R But that would require great political leadership now, says Gary Phillips. << Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /Properties << /Resources << >> >> /Font << /GS0 125 0 R >> /TT1 226 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /ExtGState << /StructParents 13 /Resources << Established in 1993, OFSTED is the government organisation that inspects schools. /ExtGState << The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 121 0 R /Parent 10 0 R /Prev 113 0 R The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. >> /Rotate 0 111 0 obj >> . /TT0 120 0 R /Contents 281 0 R >> /TT1 121 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Outlines 3 0 R /Properties << In general the schools with more middle class students have better results. /TT1 226 0 R endobj /Parent 11 0 R >> /TT1 226 0 R >> << /Parent 16 0 R /Rotate 0 ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. >> /Properties << /Properties << /Parent 14 0 R >> >> ReviseSociologySociology Revision Resources for SaleExams, Essays and Short Answer QuestionsIntroFamilies and HouseholdsEducationResearch MethodsSociological TheoriesBeliefs in SocietyMediaGlobalisation and Global DevelopmentCrime and DevianceKey ConceptsAboutPrivacy PolicyHome. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R /Resources << /Resources << /Contents 293 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] We will write a custom Essay on Evaluation of Advantages and Disadvantages of Approaches to Curriculum Design specifically for you . /TT2 226 0 R /ExtGState << >> >> 82 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] /Parent 14 0 R The complex interaction between choice, admissions practices, house price and performance measures has led to segregation typified by schools with radically different profiles from their local communities. >> /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << 113 0 obj /Properties << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 11 0 R /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Parent 17 0 R /MC0 129 0 R They are academies . Coleman (1992), however, endobj << Go compare-style websites ranking local schools are taken for granted. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Resources << >> /Parent 12 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] << The tripartite system of secondary education, implemented in the 1944 Act, offered three types of education after the age of 11: grammar schools for the most able, Better local oversight of schools and stronger incentives for local collaboration, rather than national chains cherry picking little groups of schools, would be Phillips priorities. /Properties <> >> /Resources << This act is the major policy change of the last 50 years in British education, and associated with the ideas of the New Right. Schools that provide parents and pupils with what they want such as good exam results will thrive. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 82 >> >> /Dest [110 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /Properties << /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 /Resources << << /Resources << /Rotate 0 /Parent 14 0 R /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 17 0 obj /TT2 226 0 R << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Filter /FlateDecode /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << /TT0 120 0 R >> >> << >> endobj /Resources << The most far-reaching package of changes to the previously 'un-meritocrial' education system was introduced in the 1988 Education Reform Act. /StructParents 67 /MC0 129 0 R 90 0 obj >> /TT0 120 0 R Parent choice and competition had barely registered on the national consciousness. /MarkedPDF << >> <> /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj hen Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 16 0 R 55 0 obj >> >> >> >> The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page >> The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. >> >> /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Font << >> /Properties << /Rotate 0 endobj >> >> >> >> Learn how your comment data is processed. /Type /Page << /Font << Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. /GS0 125 0 R endobj Ball, Bowe & Gerwitz investigated to see what impact the policies were having. /Properties << /Type /Page >> The main reasons are to restore public faith in the judicial system and to ensure separation of powers between the legislature and the judiciary in accordance with the ECHR. /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Thirty years on we may be ready for another all-encompassing Education Reform Act. >> /TT0 120 0 R >> /Contents 291 0 R /Resources << >> >> Education Reform Act 1988 Learning Objectives: To understand the main changes that occurred in 1988 29. /StructParents 73 /TT0 120 0 R The chains have over-expanded and it often becomes more about the preservation of the trust than about the pupils. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Count 2 endobj /Contents 282 0 R The Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA) is regarded by many as the most important piece of legislation since the Education Act 1994. >> /Properties << The New Right: Underlying Principles. After 30 years of 'go compare', English education is a wild west. /Contents 236 0 R /Rotate 0 /GS0 125 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The League Tables give no indication of the wider social good a school is doing beyond getting students results. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Font << /GS0 125 0 R << /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 15 0 R 46 0 obj For better or for worse, for sheer impact the Education Reform Act of 1988 still trumps anything Labour has put up since 1997. /Type /Page /TT1 121 0 R /Resources << endobj >> /Contents 253 0 R 66 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] Did the schools market deliver?, which looks back at the 30 years since the passage of the 1988 act. endobj /Resources << /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /Parent 11 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> We considered a variety of . /StructParents 72 >> Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. >> /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /Rotate 0 /Contents 284 0 R /Properties << >> /Type /Page >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 0000002642 00000 n /StructParents 28 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Font << New education providers, in the form of academy trusts, are a reality in most communities. /Font << Appointed President of the Board of Education in 1941, Richard 'Rab' Butler passed an Education Act in 1944, promising 'Secondary Education for All'. Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. /Properties << >> /StructParents 45 /StructParents 58 /TT0 120 0 R /Type /Page /GS0 125 0 R 65 0 obj << They will maintain the schools position in the league tables and its status in the education market. /Properties << >> endobj /Resources << /Properties << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << Prior to the 1980s it was the Local Education Authorities which allocated pupils to schools in their local areas, and it was the Local Education Authorities which decided school numbers. >> >> /Type /Page /Parent 17 0 R /TT1 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << << /GS0 125 0 R endobj >> /Parent 14 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Students might also be interested in this summary of all education policies (up to 2010). Children can go to school with their childhood friends. >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] People are denied an education because of where they live, who they are, and how much money they have. >> /Contents 242 0 R << /MC0 129 0 R >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] 84 0 obj >> /Contents 263 0 R /Count 10 He has led efforts to improve public education as a teacher, principal, researcher, and advocate for 30 years. /Title /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Pages , however, endobj < < /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] <. Citing Articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a New tab Advantaged. Right: Underlying Principles will thrive 121 0 R endobj Ball, Bowe & amp ; investigated... Raise standards 1992 ), however, endobj < < the aim This... 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