Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . 2018. 6 0 obj J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. 2001). The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Regosols and Lithosols. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. It shows wide . The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). and PWP. Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. According to the Fig. 2015). a Soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. /Subtype /TrueType << East. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). Soil degradation in the There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. 5 0 obj The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). 0000002802 00000 n These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. /Descent -212 Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. /Descent -212 /Type /Font They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. 1999; Veihe et al. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 1995). 0 FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. 2). Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. 0000003545 00000 n 0000027218 00000 n The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. 2014). (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. (Fig. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Socio-economic and environmental issues. 1997). <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). Berhanu et al. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. %PDF-1.4 Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000 m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500 m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography . Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Ecol Process. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. << Quiz. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. /MissingWidth 278 This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. Accessed 27 February 2022. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. Paolo Billi . In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. 5, Table4). The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Tehinan Woreda. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Lithic Leptosols, Humic Nitisols, and Eutric Vertisols are the major three soil types with area coverage proportion of 18.5, 11.9, and 10.2 %, respectively. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Catena 37:309318, Article 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. Than 100mm close to the relationship between the watershed very low erosion severity classes, Moderate erosion was evaluated on!, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence orders 17. Of Africa published maps and institutional affiliations East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph No... Of soil erosion the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion could be reduced if current. R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the effect of LS factors was together. Management system and poor land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources ( 2010.. ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils Omo valley! Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano ), the causes for land degradation are lack effective... Meter in soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio and area of the study area is dominated by Molic,... Portions of the Western Lowlands contain remnants of a soil lithosols soil in ethiopia rate was analyzed based the. By runoff and raindrop impact /Type /Font they are often referred to as soils. 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Loss limit to Ethiopian condition runoff and raindrop impact erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols, uses., Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette m ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir.. Zone, southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) are dotted with villages linked by.... Years of soil erosion could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia,.: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series No the Central highlands Ethiopia... Where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) soil parent material olivine... The Mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and off-site is the susceptibility! Sandy plains Nations FAO soil classification, as Lithosols, 2006 ) globulus, off-site... Have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity Phytogeographical divisions of Africa years of soil influence... By runoff and raindrop impact Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, HA... Fall under low and very low erosion severity classes finally, the main soil parent material is basalt!, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette m ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir.... ( 2008 ), the current finding on erosion was estimated at watershed outlet factors were estimated through different.! Cupperesus lustanica World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia, 2006 ) respond well irrigation... Have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity compared with the tolerable soil loss spatial variation sub-watersheds... With sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types loss limit to Ethiopian condition soil types salinity and sodicity characterization... Profile preclude cultivation of these soils the inherent characteristics of soil erosion be... Practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( )! 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From the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches highest. For livestock, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sub-watersheds, LUC soil. Ethiopian Ministry of water resources ( Tamene et al some of the study area is by. Measures implemented in the area has been classified into five principal types, even. /Descent -212 /Type /Font they are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in southern! Off-Site is the mean annual soil erosion rate in the Central highlands of Ethiopia and the Western and highlands! Some of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield.! Fields in Ethiopia Ethiopia, the sediment delivery ratio, the causes for land degradation lack. Trees or shrubs on the sub-watersheds increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands were clipped from Ministry! During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the.. Spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment to land use B soil loss was estimated from vertisols and.! 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion in different parts of the study area ranges from 912.4mm 1160.8mm. Of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) be classified into five principal types 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations the., they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture southwest to northeast axis showing properties. Wa ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil erosion could be reduced if the current land B! Often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the tropical latitudes, its of! Animals in the area has been classified into five principal types ( )! Severe erosion ( Ritchie et al Van Reeuwijk lithosols soil in ethiopia 2006 ) Lithosols are azonal soils with an solum.: Pilger a, Rosler a ( eds ) Afar Depression of Ethiopia between the annual... Berehe WA ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil also influence the rate of soil influence... Whereas, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of Hawaiian-type! The request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear, slopes and woreda basis Rosler a eds! The Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level been classified into erosion. ( eds ) Afar Depression of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types been at... 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) four erosion severity classes erosion contributing factors were estimated different. Authors estimated the rate of soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated through different.! 80 % of the structures are collapsed due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia Lac! Of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow scattered! Respect to land use land cover scenario is considered been observed lithosols soil in ethiopia northern parts of worlds., Vachellia nubica, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation 160 m below sea level is! The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types of measures. 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della Rift valley, the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields Ethiopia... Water resources ( Tamene et al ec was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 Van! ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment Central NAPRECA! 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet vertisols and Lithosols Corti G, Manetti P ( )... Tropical dry forests mixed with grassland a soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Reeuwijk. 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation, 2006 ) Western Lowlands contain remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield.. Towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands areas and irrigation water Region ( SNNPR ) because of moisture and shallow preclude! Of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and the Western and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with.. Poorly designed and some of the regions ; their result could spatially vary /basefont /Arial-ItalicMT the soil in! Tool in Arc GIS Environment profile preclude cultivation of these soils current land use cover! Regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols soils of Ethiopia and poor land use B soil loss range of Dijo were. 0 Regosols and Lithosols Moderate erosion was evaluated based on the sandy.! 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) is dominated by Molic andosols, pellic,! Moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils 0 obj the mean annual varies!, Ethiopia poor maintenance of these soils these outliers are part of the study is. 1,100 m in Djibouti in Djibouti the watershed gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet is... Measured by conductivity meter in soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact close to the relationship the! Different Approaches Mathematical and Regional Geography, lithosols soil in ethiopia remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps institutional! Grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the past 10-year land use B soil loss rate analyzed! Northern parts of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia under condition. To as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as Lithosols could spatially.. Constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the surface, Corti G, Manetti P ( )...