El and a group of gods called the Shaddai gods are featured in the plaster-wall epigraph. She is the evening star, the planet Venus at sunset. The word peace meant more than the absence of strife; it designated wholeness and well-being for the community. ), Only One God? These rites, described in Leviticus 23 and elsewhere, were given religious meaning by relating the rituals to the legend of Moses and the exodus from Egypt, but their agricultural foundation is evident (Noll 2001a, pp. 51, pp. The Old Testament presents the Canaanites as immoral and degraded. Serta situs slot online kami memiliki lisensi resmi dari https://www.ensembleprojects.org/ dari pemerintah Filipina. 26380). 6, pp. Nevertheless, in a few parts of Iron Age Canaan, El continued to be significant. But after the death of Joshua, another generation grew up after them, who did not know the LORD or the work that he had done for Israel (Judges 2:10). Much later, biblical writers seem to have demoted (and domesticated) Asherah by transforming her into a personification of divine wisdom (see, especially, Proverbs 8 and Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira 24). The land of Canaan appears to have been, loosely, the eastern seaboard of the Mediterranean. Goodfriend, EA, 1995, Could keleb in Deut. The Bible indicates that she was worshiped near trees and poles, called Asherah poles (Deut. 4345. In all likelihood, the Marzeah was one of the social perks of the upper classes, and that is why the prophet Amos complains about it (Amos 6:47). 1425), a point that even modern theologians freely admit, even while they ignore its implications. In spite of her relationship to El, Asherah appears to have enjoyed an independent career. Corrections? The religion of the Bible is distinctive from all other Canaanite religions in one sense: it survived to become a stone in the foundation of a more complex religion, rabbinic Judaism, while other Canaanite religions gradually faded away (Noll 2001a, pp. Any investigation of religion, regardless of historical period or geographic focus, requires attention to questions of research method. Daniel 7 presents the Cloud Rider replacing the chaotic beasts from the sea and receiving dominion from an elderly, El-like god. As the storm-god, Baals voice came from the heavens in the form of thunder. Playtech memiliki banyak sekali game slot online terbaik dan paling aman dimainkan oleh anda semua. >> Anat and Astarte . With the appearance of this new compound name, Anat-Bethel has become an independent goddess and should not be confused with either Anat or Bethel, who are the conceptual sources from which she sprang. In most cases, it worked this way: a human king owed his authority to one god, his divine patron. They were divine warriors equivalent to the human aristocracy, and their warfare is described in Judges 5:20. Spronk, K. 1999, Baal of Peor, in Karel van der Toorn, B Becking and PW van der Horst. That myth in various versions survived to Greco-Roman times. A number of ancient sources give evidence of these prophets, including the royal archives of Bronze Age Mari and Iron Age Assyria (Nissinen 2003), not to mention biblical prophets, as can be seen, for example, in Jeremiah 22 (cf. Other invaders included the Egyptians and the Hyksos, a group of Asian peoples who seem to have migrated there from north of Palestine. Finkelstein, I, 1988, The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement, Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem. Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. Links First, it categorically denounces infant sacrifice to the god Molek in Leviticus 20:25 and elsewhere. It is believed that the practice of sacred prostitution was associated with the worship of Asherah. He was the center of the fertility myth. The Bible also echoes Ugaritic myth when it portrays the highest god as creator of the earth. What we do know reveals dark, seductive practices that continued to entice the people God had chosen to be his witnesses.THE ORIGINS OF JUDAISM. Zakkur, king of Hamath, was chosen by this same Baal-Shamem to be king of Hadrach (Pritchard 1969a, pp. Yahweh expresses disgust that David has taken the wrong mans wife, for he, Yahweh, is eager to give David the wives of other men if David desires them (12:7b8). Hanya bermodalkan 10 ribu rupiah saja para pemain sudah bisa memenangkan game slot online yang dipilih. At other times, one god might divide into his or her several characteristics, becoming multiple gods with similar names. Dimana microgaming sudah hadir sejak tahun 2014 hingga saat ini masih ramai peminatnya di Indonesia. Handy, LK, 1994, Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN. The answer might begin with the counsel Jehovah Gitin, S & Cogan, M, 1999, A New Type of Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. From time to time it subverted the essential monotheism of the Israelites after they occupied Canaan, the Promised Land of the Old Testament. Day, J, 2000, Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, JSOTSup 265, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield. Gods patience The Bible attributes all divine activity to one god by eliminating the names of the divine specialists that this one god has replaced. At this family level, the kings divine patron was acknowledged (especially at tax time), but usually the patron god was not the center of pious attention. 43765. 66118; Ben Zvi & Floyd 2000). 50143. Many historians have hypothesized that women (and sometimes men) were employed at temples to perform sacred prostitution with worshipers as a way to induce the gods to have sex with one another and thus to fertilize the natural world (Albright 1940; Bright 2000). ), Hosea, Isaiah, and Jeremiah thundered that Yahweh alone deserved the people?s allegiance. 76772. The land was fertile beyond anything the Hebrew nomads had ever seen. Day 1989). Many ancient peoples practiced magic. Even the genuine miracles or true prophecies of one who worships a god other than the Israelite god are crimes punishable by death (Deuteronomy 13). Ancient Near Eastern Fertility Goddesses, Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, vol. Northern Baptist Seminary. 1550 bce), recorded history in the area began. When Baal was killed by Mot, the god of the underworld, the dry season came. Asherah was honored as the fertility goddess in various forms and with varying names (Judg. Canaanite people needed to remain on good terms with Resheph, lest he lash out with an epidemic of plague, his most common weapon. 34, pp. In the second rank were the cosmic gods, who ruled aspects of the natural realm such as the storms that fertilized the land, the lights in the sky, the endlessly chaotic sea, the vast earth, and the eternal underworld. Pardee, D, 2002, Ritual and Cult at Ugarit, SBL Writings from the Ancient World 10, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta. The books concept of covenant derives its literary form and language from ancient Near Eastern international treaties (Weinfeld 1972, pp. The divine patron protects the property of males by violating or destroying the property of other males. For example, in Joshua 10, the Hebrew warrior prays to his divine patron, Yahweh, and commands the two lesser gods to stand still in the sky until a battle is complete. Maka dari itu hubungi customer service terlebih dahulu sebelum melakukan deposit slot pulsa tanpa potongan agar tidak terjadi hal hal yang tidak diinginkan. Hanya tersedia pada agen slot online terpercaya di Indonesia, anda diberikan berbagai keuntungan paling menarik yang bisa anda dapatkan dengan mudah. Z. Smith 2004, p. 253; see also Greenstein 1999, pp. The biblical prohibition exists because some Israelites were happy to include Asherah in their worship. Baal/Hadad/Adad Canaanite and biblical religion have very little to say about life after death for commoners, women, or slaves. . For the king and his aristocracy, the divine patron and his cosmic retinue were central. It is said that in Corinth alone, there were more than 1,000 prostitutes in Aphrodite's temple. Any religions god is the invention of those who worship that god. Temples functioned quite literally as the god's house, where the god resided in the form of a cult statue. In any case, Jeremiah 44 suggests that goddess worship remained popular in the southern portion of Canaan throughout Israelite times. The gods of the middle two ranks cosmic gods and gods of daily life have been eliminated from much (but not quite all) biblical poetry and narratives, usually leaving only the divine patron and his many angels. Thus, a compromise between Israels religion and the practices of Canaanite religion was unthinkable. 568; del Olmo Lete 2004, p. 154). % 6556). 310, pp. Readers Response and the Taming of Samuels God, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, vol. The name Israel makes an excellent example of the difficulties associated with Canaanite identity. Hackett, JA, 1989, Can a Sexist Model Liberate Us? Claude MariottiniEmeritus Professorof Old TestamentNorthern Baptist Seminary. He opened his mouth and laughed. An intense battle began for the minds and hearts of God's people. the name of El in the day of war . Later still, a goddess who was worshiped in Bethels holy place became a divine aspect of his holiness and so she was called Anat-Bethel. Israelite religion is not Canaanite religion if, and only if, Protestant religion is not Christian religion, Conservative Judaism is not Jewish religion, and Shiite Muslims do not practice Islamic religion. Vriezen, KJH, 2001, Archaeological Traces of Cult in Ancient Israel, in B Becking, M Dijkstra, MCA Korpel, and KJH Vriezen, Only One God? Situs https://femmefraiche.com/ adalah salah satu situs slot online terlengkap yang menyediakan berbagai macam jenis provider game slot online terpercaya seperti pragmatic play, joker, habanero, toptrend gaming, pg pocket games soft, playtech, microgaming, spadegaming hingga cq9 gaming. This post originally appeared in Bible History Daily in June, Its original pre-Israelite inhabitants were called Canaanites. The period was also marked by incursions of marauders called Hapiru, or Habiru (Egyptian: Apiru). Baal-Shamem answered me, The blood is spilled not for the sinners, but for the temple and its altar (see, for example, Leviticus 16). WebIn addition to the religion of Yahweh, the Israelitesthe northerners especiallywere followers of El and other Canaanite deities, such as those of the Amoritish Babylonians. 2134). This idea of a subset is hardly a recent innovation. More often than not, however, the offerings were taxes owed to the god and the priests, who represented the king and his bureaucracy. The offerings can be identified by chemical analysis of residue on altar surfaces and in storage jars. Had Deuteronomy named its god Baal rather than Yahweh, it would not have made any difference, for the polemic of Deuteronomy is akin to the polemic between sixteenth century Protestants and Catholics whose worldviews were largely identical, not the difference between, say, a Catholic and a Sartrean existentialist, whose worldviews are fundamentally opposite (Noll 2001b, p. 14). This constellation of attributes is not meant to be a definition cast in stone but is best treated as a working hypothesis that enhances ones ability to perceive (Noll 2001a, p. 57 note 3). Side by side with these innovations, however, the traditional syllabic cuneiform of Mesopotamia was regularly employed. Several kinds of human sacrifice are mentioned in the Bible. Be that as it may, the positions taken in this article will be disputed by some researchers. Fried, LE, 2002, The High Places (bamot) and the Reforms of Hezekiah and Josiah: An Archaeological Investigation, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 16:3). 3:6,13; Ezek. However, in this writers view, Zevits analysis relies almost entirely on subtle distinctions he believes he can discern in the material cultural remains while ignoring larger and relatively obvious ideological uniformity in the ancient sources (Zevit 2001, pp. 23:19 Refer to a Canine? in DP Wright et al..), Pomegranates and Golden Bells: Studies in Biblical, Jewish and Near Eastern Ritual, Law, and Literature in Honor of Jacob Milgrom, pp. WebDuring the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Ageprobably about 1250 bce the Israelites entered Canaan, settling at first in the hill country and in the south. Biblically, Canaanites are identified in Genesis as descendants of Canaan, a son of Ham and grandson of Noah. Hillers, DR, 1985, Analyzing the Abominable: Our Understanding of Canaanite Religion, The Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. Slot Online Habanero Likewise, Mot, who plays a role in the myths, never received worship or ritual sacrifice at Ugarit. The most important literary sources for the regions history are the Old Testament; the Ras Shamra texts discovered at the site of ancient Ugarit, on the north coast of Syria; and the Amarna Letters, a set of dispatches sent in the 14th century bce by governors of Palestinian cities and Syrian cities to their Egyptian overlords. In one passage, Anat is described butchering soldiers on the battlefield and adorning herself with their body parts: She hung heads on her back; One such son of Anat is mentioned in the Bible (Judges 3:31) and another was inscribed on the rim of a bowl at Ekron (Gitin, Dothan & Naveh 1997, pp. The Greeks had oracles, shrines where gods supposedly communicated the future to priests and priestesses. Many of the ancient pagan deities lived on, however, now identified with the gods of the Greeks and Romans, the nations who controlled the people of Israel before and during New Testament times. For example, the Bibles Yahweh battles the god of the sea, as does Ugarits Baal. Most people, incidentally, expected no afterlife for themselves. The religion of Canaan was not an exotic, otherworldly phenomenon. Also, the seven goddesses of childbirth at Ugarit were called the Kotharat. Parker, SB, 1997, Ugaritic Narrative Poetry, SBL Writings from the Ancient World 9, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta. Frequently she is also called Qudshu (holy place; but cf. Slot Online PG Soft Likewise, careful study of the Bible demonstrates that the distinction between false Canaanite religion and true Israelite religion is so superficial that one doubts whether most ancient readers of these texts were impressed by the excessive rhetoric of biblical prophets (Noll 2001b; cf. 397418. Therefore, the patron gods revealed law code was similar to the ethical commands among the Ten Commandments in the Bible, coupled with a body of case law providing judicial oversight of society (e.g., the book of Deuteronomy). Baals defeat of Yamm, the sea god, is thought by some to be the origin of the later tale of Israels exodus through the Red Sea (compare Isaiah 51:910) (Kloos 1986). Maybe, to be safe, they should worship both;Yahweh and Baal. The Bible's repeated condemnation of child sacrifice shows God's hated of it, especially among his people. In any religion, morality is a reification of the needs of a society. Yet there are many not-so-well Weinfeld, M, 1972, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School, Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Israelites occupied and conquered Palestine, or Canaan, beginning in the late 2nd millennium bce, or perhaps earlier; and the Bible justifies such occupation by identifying Canaan with the Promised Land, the land promised to the Israelites by God. Religious morality is a by-product of social prejudices. When the Israelites entered Canaan, they found a land of farmers, not shepherds, as they had been in the wilderness. 930. Jika member ingin merasakan atmosfer game slot online dengan jackpot terbesar, maka disini adalah lapak yang tepat bagi anda. van der Toorn, K, 1998, Currents in the Study of Israelite Religion, Currents in Research, vol. They eventually established a coalition of five city-states on the southern coast of Canaan. Short Biography. With smoke pouring from his nostrils, Psalm 18s god rides a beast called a cherub (a divine lion with oxen hooves, eagles wings, and a human head) to rescue his human king. Much of the evidence for this hypothesis is unconvincing. This overlap suggests a commonality of religious culture from Bronze to Iron Ages throughout the land of Canaan. Maka disini kami menyarankan para member untuk mengetahui terlebih dahulu keunggulan di setiap masing - masing provider yang akan kami bahas sebagai berikut. Although patron gods routinely used foreign armies to punish the sins of their own people, at the end of the day, a divine patrons loyalties were never in doubt. It is here where the conflict between two opposing religious views comes into conflict with each other. WebThe Canaanites were a Semitic-speaking cultural group that lived in Canaan (comprising Lebanon, southern Syria, Israel and Transjordan) beginning in the second millennium A simple diagram would show three levels of religious experience in a Canaanite community (Noll 2001a, pp. These theologians invest the concept of distinctiveness with a value judgment, asserting or implying that biblical religion is superior to the inferior Canaanite cultural context from which it emerged. Dijkstra 2001c, p. 182). del Olmo Lete, G, 2004, Canaanite Religion: According to the Liturgical Texts of Ugarit, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN. DrSO74JT7w9+Uivj67+Ou%Un4S%d^RcGVs#(V1n=`YQjeQN8[3:< In the Hebrew Bible Dagon appears as the god of the Philistines (Judges 16:23). Goren, Y, Finkelstein, I & Naaman, N, 2003, The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru according to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets, Bulletin for the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. Pan was depicted as an ugly man with the horns, legs, and ears of a goat. 2. Noll, KL, 2001b, The Kaleidoscopic Nature of Divine Personality in the Hebrew Bible, Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, vol. When Baal was revived, rain fell and the land again became fertile. Deities were associated with particular places, such as cities and eventually nations. For example, since ancient Near Eastern society was patriarchal, treating women as subordinate to men, it follows logically that the divine patron also treated women this way. Even though Baal earned his status as patron by defeating the chaotic god of the sea, his status and his palace are affirmed by Ugarits high god El. The land was fertile beyond anything the Hebrew nomads Baal's victory over death was thought to be repeated each year when he returned from the land of death (underworld), bringing rain to renew the earth's fertility. 9091, 262). His long hair is strength itself, like rays of the sun. The reason for this apostasy is not hard to understand. Links Because he was a young, strong god, many Iron Age kings identified Baal, especially in the form Baal-Shamem (Lord of the Sky/Heavens), as their patron deity. They comply. Parker, SB, 1997, Ugaritic Narrative Poetry, SBL Writings from the Ancient World 9, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta. Apabila anda mengirim pulsa ke nomor kami yang sudah tidak aktif tanpa menghubungi customer service bukan menjadi tanggung jawab kami. 49, pp. See also Phoenicia. 28, pp. Gitin, S, Dothan, T & Naveh, J, 1997, A Royal Dedicatory Inscription from Ekron, Israel Exploration Journal, vol. To date, there remains no archaeological evidence to corroborate any of the biblical passages, though many biblical scholars are convinced that the evidence from the western Mediterranean confirms biblical testimony (Heider 1985; J. Sehingga para pemain dapat menikmati sesuai dengan pulsa yang didepositkan. 25973, Ugarit-Verlag, Muenster. Links , WebThe inhabitants of Canaan were never ethnically or politically unified as a single nation. Archaeological data reveal that the peoples of ancient Canaan shared material culture and patterns of daily behavior, including religious behavior. The In a few cases, even the names of those Canaanite gods have not been erased from the Bible. Although a few scholars still claim otherwise, we cannot, from the dirt of Syria-Palestine, distinguish Israelite from other Canaanite religious practices (Noll 2001a, pp. In the last two centuries BCE, books such as Daniel were composed, in which individual angels received personal names and more complete personalities, such as Michael and Gabriel. Relationships between people and their god were the foundational meaning of the most common sacrifices. Baal won his dominance by defeating the other deities, including the god of the sea, the god of storms (also of rain, thunder, and lightning), and the god of death. These people represented the new generation of Israelites. Although sometimes disputed, the root of her several names probably means place (but cf. Fear not! /Type /Page 4 0 obj 8990). Of these two, one accounted for five times more animal sacrifices than the other, and thus accounted for the overwhelming majority of all animal sacrifices (Pardee 2002, p. 255). In some cases, the language of the ancient texts can be very confusing. A scribe at Ugarit uses a tale of the god El collapsing at his Marzeah feast after drinking too much as a parable to introduce a recipe for sobering a drunk (KTU 1.114; see Pardee 2002, pp. Why then were the Canaanites singled out for such severe treatment? She appears sexually compelling (though not, perhaps, sexually active) and bloodthirsty in battle (P. L. Day 1992). Baal has also been portrayed seated on a throne, possibly as the king or lord of the gods. It's hard to know why Yahweh's people failed to see that he alone had power over these things. In mythological texts from the Late Bronze Age (c. 15501200 B.C.E) city-state of Ugarit, she is called the The priestess or a female members of the community represented Asherah. WebCanaan were always tolerant of other gods they were in a sense, their own relatives! This led many interpreters to conclude that a Qadesh and a Qedeshah were temple prostitutes. Braun, W & McCutcheon, RT, eds., 2000, Guide to the Study of Religion, Cassell, London. If that were the case, infant sacrifices could have been a regular part of Canaanite religion. Clearly, though the names of the gods had changed, the people?s worship practices had not. Throughout the Israelites? 122, pp. The Israelites infiltration was opposed by the Canaanites, who continued to hold the stronger cities of the region. A few see some manifestation of Anat (e.g., van der Toorn 1998, p. 17). Therefore, two of the most controversial questions must be addressed at some length: Who was a Canaanite? Sebelum bermain judi slot online, kami akan menyarankan beberapa provider slot online terbaik dengan memiliki win rate dan RTP tinggi dan dipastikan akan mudah untuk mendapatkan jackpot terus menerus. A Reply to Nadav Naaman, Ugarit-Forschungen, vol. van der Toorn, K, 1998, Currents in the Study of Israelite Religion, Currents in Research, vol. Astarte, like Anat, represents love and war, though myths never depict her as the wild rebel Anat is represented to be. Other times, Asherah is a tree of life, with an ibex standing on each side of her (Hadley 2000; cf. These taxes were paid in kind, not coin (which had not yet been invented). Day 2000, p. 162). He promised his disciples that his church would overcome all evil, even the gates of Hades itself. El is an elderly god who delegates the role of divine patron to an underling, the mighty storm god Baal. Baal, worship, worshipping, idols, fertility, cults, canaan, asherah, pagan, [Hebrew Mind], 1 Kings 14:23-24, 2 Kings 16:4, 2 Kings 17:10, Acts 13:6, Acts 19:35, Deuteronomy 7:5, Deuteronomy 12:2-3, Deuteronomy 12:20, Deuteronomy 12:31, Deuteronomy 18:10, Ezekiel 6:13, Isaiah 65:1-5, Judges 3:7, Jeremiah 3:6, Jeremiah 3:13, Luke 8:31, Matthew 16:18, Numbers 3:11-13. 38197, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake. Together, they constitute a fall harvest celebration, and each portion of the celebration finds its counterpart at Ugarit. I stand with you; Any communities in the region known now as southwestern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, western Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority might be designated Canaanite by an ancient scribe (Tammuz 2001). He assures us that, with the aid of Baal and the gods, he shattered the wicked,removed all the evil from his land, and became like a father to other kings because of as he not-so-humbly affirms my righteousness and my wisdom and the kindness of my heart (Pritchard 1969a, pp. Their religious practices did not reflect the holiness God demanded from his people. Among the academics, each school of thought produces its own definition of religion (Glazier 1999; Braun & McCutcheon 2000; Hinnells 2005). Present at that convocation were the representatives of the people. Hebrew culture viewed the sea as evil and destructive, so Baal?s promise to prevent storms and control the sea, as well as his ability to produce abundant harvests, made him attractive to the Israelites. If the religion is theistic, those needs are formulated as divinely revealed instruction. Morris, B, 1987, Anthropological Studies of Religion: An Introductory Text, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Baal-Shamem said, When King Mesha of Moab fought in the name of his god Kemosh, he subjected his enemies to herem, a ritual slaughter of every man, woman, and child required by the god himself (Pritchard 1969a, pp. Lloyd 1996). . ANCIENT SOURCES. This is also suggested by ubiquitous clay goddess figurines in the archaeological record (Kletter 2001). Jesus provided the ultimate solution to resisting the seductiveness of pagan idol worship. Like Elijah in 1 Kings 18, Zevit ignores the radically other and elevates the proximate other to the level of problem.. In some periods, Canaan was a political term. Pardee 2002, pp. Thus, any individual, from king to nobleman to commoner to slave, might find his or her way up or down the hierarchy of the gods, seeking those gods who were most significant to present circumstances. Cukup melakukan deposit slot pulsa minimal 10 ribu rupiah saja, para pemain sudah memiliki peluang untuk membawa jutaan rupiah ketika berhasil mendapatkan jackpot super mega win dari game slot yang anda mainkan. Abrahamic-era Canaanite entrance to Dan. Pitard, WT, 1987, Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN. He showed that he alone held power over the demons, sending them into the Abyss (Luke 8:31). Throughout the ancient Near East, a Qadesh was a male holy one, and a Qedeshah was a female holy one (see, for example, KTU 1.112). In less subtle manifestations, theologians assert that biblical religion is distinctive because it speaks of a covenant between its god and the people of Israel, thus defying the royalist ideologies of Canaan in which a covenant exists between a god and a king (e.g., Mendenhall 2001). , Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, in peminatnya di Indonesia migrated there from north Palestine. Overcome all evil, even the gates of Hades itself alone had power the. Way: a human king owed his authority to one god, his divine patron itself. Divinely revealed instruction hal hal yang tidak diinginkan means place ( but cf are formulated as divinely revealed instruction of. Were never ethnically or politically unified as a single nation conflict between two opposing views... Fertile beyond anything the Hebrew nomads had ever seen chosen by this same to! Resided in the wilderness people, incidentally, expected no afterlife for themselves meant more than 1,000 in... 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