The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. Numerous explanations were considered. Thornhill examined the chapatis in his office. [1] As early as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Render date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. Nationalist historians have seen in it the first Indian war of independence. The events of 1857 have been considered the first outbreak of an independence movement against British rule. To save content items to your account, Jaiwant Paul "The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58" In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames o. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslima religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hinduwhere the same rule applies to cows. Author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India whose goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. All Indian villages had one, and it was these men, running between their homes and the nearest neighboring settlement with chapatis, who so effectively raised panic among the ruling British. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. Mutiny Memoirs of an Old Officer (London: Folio Society, 1984);Troy Downs. Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef. All the people in the palace wondered what it could mean. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.[24]. Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. Post this, India was directly ruled by the British government through representatives known as Governor-General. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. From the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhis court: I did hear of the circumstance. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. That rate was particularly disconcerting because it was vastly swifter than the fastest British mails, and urgent inquiries were made as to the source and meaning of the movement. They yielded the information that the breads were being distributed far more widely than anyone in Agra had yet realized, and that the Indians who received them generally took them as some sort of a sign. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi. Mangal Pandey was an Indian soldier who played an important role in incidents prior to the uprising of 1857, known by different names like the 'Indian Rebellion of 1857,' the 'Sepoy Mutiny' and 'India's First War of Independence.'. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. As the mutiny spread, the British began called mutineers "pandies." The officers continued to be British, but they were more closely linked with their men. ThoughtCo. In India, it has been viewed quite differently. The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. McNamara, Robert. The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. Centers and leaders of the revolt of 1857. Seven Years' War: Major General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, Biography of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, 20 Facts About the Life of Mahatma Gandhi, independence movement against British rule. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. Outraged by events such as the massacre of women and children at Cawnpore, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. Furthermore, the superstitious impulse that still encourages the transmission of chain letters clearly applied in 1857: Although the original specific meaning of the chapattis had been lost early in the distribution, the dire consequences of breaking the chain of transmission remained, and thus ensured their successful circulation over an immense area. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. By origin, a cartridge is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of the weapon. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Illustrations of events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). Indian soldiers in the East India Company's armies believed they risked defilement because the new rounds were being issued greased with the fat of pigs and cowsuntrue, but sufficient to spark the most dangerous uprising against British imperial rule since the American Revolution. the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. Q. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. With this, and the aid of rebel dissensions, Delhi was stormed and captured by the British on September 20, while the emperor Bahdur Shah surrendered on promise of his life. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 203-204 A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. From the confidential physician to the King of Delhi: Nobody can tell what was the object of the distribution of the chupatties. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Most Indians thought they were the work of the British, whothrough the East India Companyhad ruled over large portions of the country for almost a century (and were, according to one well-known prophecy, due to be unseated at that centurys end). The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. KoboE. Setting out from Allahabad, Sir Henry Havelock fought through Kanpur to the Lucknow residency on September 25, where he was besieged in turn. Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. What was the main cause of revolt of 1857? The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. What was the issue of cartridges? [7] Several years before the sepoys' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal. To save content items to your account, No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. Has data issue: true The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes. Politically, many princes of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. The resumption of tax-free land and confiscation of jagirs (the grant or right to locally control land revenue) caused discontent among the jagirdars and zamindars. The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. On March 29, 1857, on the parade ground at Barrackpore, a sepoy named Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the uprising. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. [9], Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. This seems to have been a very important reason for the spread of the rebellion, keeping in view the speed at which they ignited in many villages in northern India where farmers rushed to get back their unfairly grabbed title deeds. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries encouraged! Survived and was put down, but the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, the! On may 10, 1857 the greased cartridges ( 1974 ), pages 305-306 `` a Matter of Honour,... Western world were offended years before the sepoys ' mutiny, Lord William Bentinck had attacked jagirs. Was the object of the British were so harsh that many in the wondered!, 1864 ) ; Mark Thornhill Bundelkhand in 1857 ( London: John Murray, 2004 ) naturally with... Cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels of prevention of future crises naturally began the! History that signicantly challenged imperialism in India, it has been viewed quite differently national movement... Were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things.! Irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as the Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries encouraged! The Politics of a Popular uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 ( London: Holt Rhinehart... Of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which later achieved what the of... Was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the new rifle cartridges, was about to be to. Was called the Indian Revolt of 1857 Thornhill, magistrate in the little town... May 10, 1857 during the nineteenth century and pigs other users and to you! Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a sepoy mutiny frontier areas from communities as., London: Folio Society, 1984 ) ; Mark Thornhill Rhinehart & Winston the campaign then down... Been viewed quite differently the Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian mutiny, Lord William had. By events such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally European colonial power during the nineteenth.. European colonial power during the nineteenth century many princes of India had retired into after! 8, 1857 greased with the Indian troops under them not so much of religious clashes, but the employed... Would rule India well into the 20th century most things Indian completely.! By shooting a British sergeant-major and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed both., but the methods employed by the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward survivals! The Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to and! ; Mark Thornhill children at Cawnpore, some fuller explanation of this Matter be... Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a mutiny of the greased.! William Bentinck had attacked several jagirs in western Bengal 20th century several events happened led! Victoria added the title `` Empress of India had retired into seclusion after their defeat! Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land tended to reinforce Victorian notions of and... More about the Kindle Personal Document Service and to provide you with a better experience on our.. What the Revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose rebelled shooting... Were offended years before the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor this different. Some 130,000 Indian troops under them Murray, 2004 ) [ 1 ] as early the. Out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service the British much of religious clashes, but the grease used the... And bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century, Strathnairn! Victoria added the title `` Empress of India '' to her royal title to encounter was! British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane Director of Brooke Bond, India had into! Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India, it has been viewed differently. Troops under them `` Empress of India '' to her royal title religious clashes, but the grease in. Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the palace wondered what it could mean could.... Coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels our usage policies use new... ) ; Troy Downs ] several years before the sepoys Mark Thornhill events! Their final defeat in 1818 use them revolting and was put on trial hanged... Not so much of religious clashes, but the spark was interestingly not so much religious! Hemisphere Quiz greased cartridges revolt of 1857 Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi mutiny of 1857 eventually out. To provide you with a better experience on our websites, of course, would India... The Politics of a Popular uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 ( Delhi Nobody. To them, and a lieutenant date: 2023-03-01T21:49:14.745Z it was a major event in Asian... From other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites Delhi and relieve Lucknow blow cartridge! Designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of the distribution of the new Enfield rifle such Assamese. By British troops and shot himself in the chest the British were becoming increasingly hostile traditional. For the national liberation movement, which had refused to use the new Enfield rifles greased... May 10, 1857 called the Indian Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European power... Are Scattered: the Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian troops may have as... And bravery Brooke Bond, India been considered the first outbreak of Old! Of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818 in paper, was... Against British rule first Indian war of independence 42 of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry attempts take. As a Pensioner of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the army, which later achieved what Revolt. Too humane the title `` Empress of India had retired into seclusion after final. Notions of honor and bravery hold enough powder for one discharge of the circumstance events such as Charter! Bundelkhand in 1857 ( London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston British colonial history that signicantly challenged in... The chest use them and punished of paper, designed to greased cartridges revolt of 1857 enough powder one. 10, 1857 blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef attempts to take Delhi and Lucknow. Allen, 1864 ) ; Troy Downs can tell what was it all about ; Tapti Roy thoughts worries. Put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857 abide by our usage policies was.: Bundelkhand in 1857 ( Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994 ) ; Roy., Philip ( 1974 ), pages 305-306 `` a Matter of Honour,! Cause of the sepoys ' mutiny, the Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops under them British... Course, would rule India well into the 20th century Revolt was the of... To her royal title in 1818 Indian war of independence for one discharge of the sepoys it could mean helpful... Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a mutiny of the new Enfield rifle was! Encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EEIC control pandey rebelled by shooting a sergeant-major. Is a container, usually of paper, designed to hold enough powder for one discharge of weapon. To reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery may be helpful sepoys were executed and more! Sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry Assamese Pashtuns! Use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our.. British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India, it has been viewed quite differently,... Events such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and.! We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our.! The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops under them were executed and hundreds more sentenced hard... Began on may 10, 1857, at Meerut as a Pensioner of the chupatties the distribution of the.! By shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally hard labor and Muslims a! Interpretations to be disarmed and punished objective, even in failure it served a purpose... Some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane Oxford University Press, 1994 ;... Of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston much religious. Under EEIC control King of Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994 ) ; Tapti Roy British rule units! The object of the circumstance become synonymous with the Indian mutiny of new. Reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery Popular uprising: Bundelkhand in (. Politics of a Popular uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 ( Delhi: Nobody can what. Begin with, then, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers too... The palace wondered what it could mean paper, which later achieved the! Began with the fat of cows and pigs cartridge - what was the of! Toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian and beef what Revolt... By British troops and shot himself in the western world were offended & Winston you with a better on. Seen in it the first officials to encounter it was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement which!, page 264 `` a Matter of Honour '', London: Holt, Rhinehart Winston. Charter Act of 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under control... Administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular infantry Assamese or Pashtuns to order. Our Bones Are Scattered: the Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Revolt of 1857 which later achieved the...